Combination Theorem for Limits of Functions/Multiple Rule

Theorem

Let $X$ be one of the standard number fields $\Q, \R, \C$.

Let $f$ and $g$ be functions defined on an open subset $S \subseteq X$, except possibly at the point $c \in S$.

Let $f$ tend to the following limit:

$\displaystyle \lim_{x \to c} \ f \left({x}\right) = l$

Let $\lambda \in X$ be an arbitrary number in $X$.

Then:

$\displaystyle \lim_{x \to c} \left({\lambda f \left({x}\right)}\right) = \lambda l$

Proof

Let $\left \langle {x_n} \right \rangle$ be any sequence of points of $S$ such that:

$\forall n \in \N^*: x_n \ne c$

$\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} x_n = c$

By Limit of Function by Convergent Sequences:

$\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} f \left({x_n}\right) = l$

By the Multiple Rule for Sequences:

$\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \left({\lambda f \left({x_n}\right)}\right) = \lambda l$

Applying Limit of Function by Convergent Sequences again, we get:

$\displaystyle \lim_{x \to c} \left({\lambda f \left({x}\right)}\right) = \lambda l$

$\blacksquare$