# User talk:GFauxPas

## Change to MathWorld citation template

I noticed (based on One-to-One and Strictly Between) that some pages on MathWorld are credited to different authors from Eric Weisstein, and so require that author to be included in the citation.

I have fixed the template (which is now "MathWorld" not "Mathworld", that's just me tidying up) so as to be able to include the author (which, if not given, defaults to the "Weisstein, Eric W." format as per normal).

What you need to do is add "author=author-name" and "authorpage=author-pagename" where "author-name" is the displayname of the author and "author-pagename" is the name of the html file on MathWorld (not including the full path, not including the extension).

An example:

• {{MathWorld|One-to-One|One-to-One|author=Barile, Margherita|authorpage=Barile}}

which gives:

If the page is given as written by "Weisstein, Eric W." then you should not add the "author" and "authorpage" tags.

I have included this info in the usage section of the Template:MathWorld page itself, but I'm bringing it to your attention because I know you've been active in using it.

Chx. --prime mover 02:55, 31 December 2011 (CST)

## Theorem Holds in All Models

Anyone know the page name to the theorem that if a theorem is a theorem the theorem has to hold in all models theorem theorem theorem? I can't find it theorem --GFauxPas 08:30, 12 February 2012 (EST)

That usually goes by the name of 'Soundness Theorem' (i.e., anything you can prove is true (where true means 'true in all models')). --Lord_Farin 18:59, 12 February 2012 (EST)

## Differentiability of Functions of >1 variable

Larson's definition of differentiablity for functions of more than one variable is very non-intuitive (I'm going to use $f:x,y \mapsto f(x,y)$ for ease of asking the question, though the question is for any number of variables):

f is differentiable at $(x,y) = (x_0,y_0) \iff \exists \Delta z:$
$\Delta z = f_x(x_0,y_0)\Delta x + f_y(x_0,y_0)\Delta y + \varepsilon_1 \Delta x + \varepsilon_2 \Delta y$

such that $\varepsilon_1, \varepsilon_2 \to 0$ as $(\Delta x, \Delta y) \to (0,0)$.

Is there an equivalent definition that's more intuitive? Why not define "differentiable" as "differentiable iff all partial derivatives exist"? --GFauxPas 12:42, 28 March 2012 (EDT)

As to your last question: Because it isn't enough; derivatives in all directions need to exist.
A general definition can be given as follows:

A mapping $f: \R^n \to \R^p$ (or defined on some subset of $\R^n$) is said to be differentiable at $a \in \R^n$ iff:
There exists a linear mapping $Df(a):\R^n\to\R^p$ (that is, simply put, a matrix) such that:
$\displaystyle \lim_{\left\Vert{h}\right\Vert\to 0, h \in \R^n} \frac {\left\Vert{f(a+h)-f(a)-Df(a)h}\right\Vert} {\left\Vert{h}\right\Vert} = 0$
This comes down to the existence of a linear approximation $Df(a)$ of $f$ near $a$ which is good enough to make the limit zero (for comparison, you can take $n=p=1$, it will reduce to the familiar expression for $f:\R\to\R$). Note that in the fraction, the norm in the numerator is in $\R^p$, while the one in the denominator is in $\R^n$. Note that $Df(a)h$ means 'the mapping $Df(a)$ evaluated at $h \in \R^n$', not your standard multiplication (well, they are the same iff $n=p=1$; alternatively, this is matrix multiplication with a vector)). Note that this is different from existence of all partial derivatives since the $h \in \R^n$ need to be in a sphere around zero, not just on the coordinate axes. If it is not entirely clear, please say so, and I will demonstrate by means of a small example. --Lord_Farin 14:35, 28 March 2012 (EDT)
Alternatively, see this, pp.792 --Lord_Farin 14:40, 28 March 2012 (EDT)
How incredibly convenient that in today's Linear Algebra class I first learned about linear maps as matrices! An example would be great. --GFauxPas 15:11, 28 March 2012 (EDT)
I thought that the existence of derivatives in all directions does not necessarily ensure differentiability. –Abcxyz (talk | contribs) 20:50, 28 March 2012 (EDT)
Correct, but they need to exist for differentiability to possibly apply. I will hopefully get to the example later today. --Lord_Farin 04:42, 29 March 2012 (EDT)

Okay, so let $f: \R^{2n}\simeq\R^n \times \R^n \to \R, (x,y)\mapsto \left\langle{x,y}\right\rangle$.

Say we want to know if $f$ is differentiable at $(a,b)\in\R^n\times\R^n$; then let $h = (h_1,h_2)\in\R^{2n}$, and compute:

$f(a,b)-f(a-h_1,b-h_2) = \left\langle{a,b}\right\rangle - \left\langle{a-h_1,b-h_2}\right\rangle = \left\langle{h_1,b}\right\rangle + \left\langle{a,h_2}\right\rangle - \left\langle{h_1,h_2}\right\rangle$

Using Cauchy-Schwarz, the last term can be estimated to $\left\Vert{h}\right\Vert^2$ as the norms of $h_1,h_2$ are dominated by that of $h$. What remains is linear in $h$ (a sum of inner products). Thus, putting $Df((a,b)) = (h\mapsto \left\langle{h_1,b}\right\rangle + \left\langle{a,h_2}\right\rangle)$ we compute the limit to go to zero (by the Cauchy-Schwarz argument).

There is a theorem (not too hard) establishing that the linear mapping $Df((a,b))$ is unique; hence conclude that it equals the given expression (compare the case that $n=1$ for further insights). Hopefully, this slightly nontrivial example gives a bit of insight. --Lord_Farin 06:42, 29 March 2012 (EDT)

Also, when considering $f:\R\to\R$, the standard derivative $f'$ is obtained by the canonical identification $\operatorname{Lin}(\R,\R)\simeq \R,Df(a)\mapsto Df(a)1 = f'(a)$. Because $Df(a)1$ is also often denoted $D_af(1)$, this is the origin of the possible confusion I expressed earlier. --Lord_Farin 06:45, 29 March 2012 (EDT)
This is significantly harder than what we're doing in Calc III but I'm getting something out of it, thanks! I'm not going to say that I get it completely, but I'm okay with that- I haven't even finished Calc III yet. Is this definition equivalent to Larson's for $\R^2 \to \R$? --GFauxPas 09:21, 29 March 2012 (EDT)
I would say so. In matrix form, $Df(a)$ will always be the matrix of partial derivatives (the Jacobian) with respect to the chosen basis. That means, for $\R^2\to\R$, that it becomes a row matrix $(f_x(a), f_y(a))$ (which upon multiplication by the column vector $(\Delta x, \Delta y)$ becomes the first part of Larson's expression; the $\varepsilon$s correspond to the term $\left\langle{h_1,h_2}\right\rangle$ in the example). It would be rather awkward had Larson an incompatible definition of something basic like differentiation. --Lord_Farin 09:45, 29 March 2012 (EDT)
I have a much better understanding of Larson's def'n now after discussing it with my Linear Algebra professor.
Side note: Has anyone seen $f^{\,'}_x(x,y), f^{\,''}_{xy}(x,y)$ for $\dfrac {\partial z}{\partial x}, \dfrac {\partial^2 z}{\partial y \partial x}$? I keep on wanting to put a prime on it --GFauxPas 10:48, 30 March 2012 (EDT)
No, that notation isn't used. You have to know what $f$ is derived with respect to, which is why subscripts are used, and it's strictly instead of primes, which is strictly reserved for total derivative, not partial. --prime mover 13:10, 30 March 2012 (EDT)
You mean that $f'$ is seriously used for $Df$ (or $df$, if in differential geometry)?! That's new to me. --Lord_Farin 17:09, 30 March 2012 (EDT)
Think so. May be wrong. Point is, it is never used for partial drivs. I think I met it in the context of fluid mechanics but I misremember the details. --prime mover 18:09, 30 March 2012 (EDT)

## Definite Integral Definition

Regarding the "subdivision $P$" in Definition:Definite Integral, what would the subdivision be if it's a function from $\R^n$ to $\R$?

Larson's definitions all involve an alternative definition that is disliked by proofwiki members because convergence is more finicky:

$\displaystyle \lim_{\Vert \Delta \Vert \to 0} \sum_a^b f\left({x_i}\right) \ \Delta x_i$

what's the equivalent definition of the supremum of a subdivision in higher dimensions? I.e.,

$\displaystyle \int \int \int_Q f\left({x,y,z}\right) \ \mathrm dV = \lim_{\Vert \Delta \Vert \to 0} \sum_a^b f\left({x_i}\right) \ \Delta V_i$

where $\Delta V_i = \Delta x_i \Delta y_i \Delta z_i$, $Q \subset \R^3$

how would you convert that to an definition analogous to what PW has for a definite single integral? --GFauxPas 12:22, 4 May 2012 (EDT)

Take a look at Definition:Real Interval at the section that mentions multi-dimensional intervals. But I suspect that a complete analysis of the problem at the same level as done for single-dimension definite intervals may not be the correct way to go. Long time since I did this, but I think beyond an intuitive level (slices, soldiers and croutons) there is no need to go into the same level of detail - having established the result in 1 dimension, expanding it to more dimensions is an inductive process from there, or something. --prime mover 18:07, 4 May 2012 (EDT)

## Linear Algebra

Well, do you have any suggested texts? --GFauxPas 15:13, 6 May 2012 (EDT)
Depends on what you want to do. If you want to learn how vectors work and how to pass exams and use this as a boost towards the basics of applied mathematics and physics, then the ones you have are probably adequate. If, however, you want to contribute towards a website of teaching materials which provides an axiomatic derivation of the current status of pure mathematics, then I'd take a good long look at Seth Warner's Modern Algebra, Paul Halmos's Naive Set Theory, Hartley & Hawkes' Rings, Modules and Linear Algebra, and probably for some more background Clark's Elements of Modern Algebra and Steen & Seebach's Counterexamples in Topology. For something really basic and accessible on abstract algebra try Whitelaw's Introduction to Abstract Algebra, or there's R.B Ash's Abstract Algebra. There's a large number of books referenced on the Books page of this site, and on the community portal there are plenty of links to browse. --prime mover 15:30, 6 May 2012 (EDT)
Alright then, I should look into those. Until then, I'd appreciate you continuing to point out when Fraleigh or Larson is being sub-PW standards --GFauxPas 15:46, 6 May 2012 (EDT)
No worries. I'm delighted to have been invited to let my prejudices hang out for all to see. --prime mover 16:00, 6 May 2012 (EDT)

Here is the Fraleigh / Beauregard page on Amazon:

http://www.amazon.com/Linear-Algebra-Third-Edition-Fraleigh/dp/0201526751/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top

You might be interested to read the comments. There were marginally fewer 1-star comments than 5-star ones, but only because the latter were beefed up by instances of peopel who think a review of a book is for expressing how happy you are with the delivery service ...

The verdict, then: a good-ish reference work, but not good for learning the subject from new. --prime mover 10:47, 7 May 2012 (EDT)

## Tableau Notation

Is there a way to write a tableau proof in such a format as this? I find it the easiest way to read a tableau proof, but maybe it's not doable in LaTeX? http://i50.tinypic.com/2urm4hf.jpg --GFauxPas 09:06, 17 June 2012 (EDT)

The language of LaTeX allows for infinite diversity; the main problem here is that we have to deal with MathJax's implementation, which is more limited. To employ such structures one would generally define a complete style file, defining an environment like \begin{tableauproof} or st. like that.
Regardless of whether it is possible, I have some doubts concerning how useful this language is when multiple proof trees combine together (like with $\lor$-elimination). It seems a tad hard to make such trees with equally appealing presentation. Besides even that conceptual proble, we have the necessity to be able to refer to other pages in-line, by means of hyperlinks. This means of reference is IMO at least as important as an aesthetically satisfying presentation.
On the positive side, I share your desire for a more appealing presentation of proof trees. I have decided that I will (in due time, when PredCalc is restyled and can take amendments) try to incorporate sequent calculus, a system I have always liked due to its expressiveness and clarity of assumptions at each point. --Lord_Farin 09:43, 17 June 2012 (EDT)
I discovered Michael R.A. Huth and Mark D. Ryan: Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and reasoning about systems (2000), in which the presentation of tableau proofs receives a prominent place. From there I researched to work out how to write the appropriate LaTeX, and discovered how fiddly it was. I reverted to the technique given in E.J. Lemmon: Beginning Logic (1965), which is the pedestrian and clunky (but ultimately easy to maintain) system which I posted here.
IMO it's not worth the candle to try and emulate some slick technique of presenting tableau proofs, but then I won't prevent anyone from trying - as long as they explain in full detail exactly how such a presentation functions. --prime mover 12:11, 17 June 2012 (EDT)
It needn't be too hard in TeX (given a .sty file) but as MathJax is not a full-fledged TeX parser we are limited in both practical and pedagogical manners. --Lord_Farin 17:22, 17 June 2012 (EDT)

## "This concludes the proof"

Do we have a proofwiki ruling as to whether to state that a proof is done? I personally see $\blacksquare$ and read to myself "which was to be demonstrated"", but maybe that's not what other people do. --GFauxPas (talk) 16:29, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

It's generally good to end a multi-stage proof with a short comment to remind the reader that the proof is done. It's not required and ultimately a matter of preference. --Lord_Farin (talk) 17:27, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

## Chrome

What's the method to have PW be the default for site:proofwiki.org in the search bar? --GFauxPas (talk) 14:01, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Right-click the address bar, go to "edit search engines" and add http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&as_sitesearch=proofwiki.org&q=%s as a new search engine. You can choose a name and keyword yourself. — Lord_Farin (talk) 14:12, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

## Limit question

Someone in a Calc I class asked me for help with the following limit:

$\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac {1 - \cos x}{x^2}$

Now, the class hasn't had L'Hopital's yet. How else is there to do it? Some trig identity with Limit of (Cosine (X) - 1) over X or Limit of Sine of X over X? I've tried several things to no avail. It could be that the student was meant to approximate it using a computer or something.

$\dfrac {1 - \cos x}{x^2} = \dfrac {\sin^2 x}{x^2\left({1 + \cos x}\right)}$

$0 \le 1 - \cos x \le 2$ and Squeeze Theorem?

--GFauxPas (talk) 20:03, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Aha! Got it.
 $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle \frac {1 - \cos x}{x^2}$$ $$=$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle \frac {\sin^2 x}{x^2 \left({1 + \cos x}\right)}$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$=$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle \left({\frac {\sin x} x}\right)^2 \left({\frac 1 {1 + \cos x} }\right)$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\to$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle 1^2 \times \frac 1 2$$ $$\displaystyle$$ $$\displaystyle$$ as $x \to 0$

--GFauxPas (talk) 21:05, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

I tried to submit an answer, but you edit conflicted me. Your way is much more elegant than mine anyway. --Dfeuer (talk) 21:14, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
Can you show me what you were thinking of? --GFauxPas (talk) 21:17, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
Limit of (Cosine (X) - 1) over X/Proof 3, but float another $x$ through till almost the end, where it'll turn a $\sin x$ into $\sin x/x$. --Dfeuer (talk) 21:57, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
Almost the same as my method. --GFauxPas (talk) 22:11, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
Since your result is strictly stronger than Limit of (Cosine (X) - 1) over X, may I suggest you add it to PW, and add a Proof 4 of said theorem that uses yours? --Dfeuer (talk) 23:14, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
Why do you think it's "stronger" rather than just different? I'm wary of putting it on proofwiki as it's more an exercise than a theorem. $\frac {1 - \cos x}x$ is important because it's used in a proof for $D_x\cos x$, I'm not sure this theorem is important. --GFauxPas (talk) 23:50, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
"Stronger" in the sense that it's straightforward to prove the other one given this one, but not the other way around. I don't personally see $\lim_{x \to 0}\frac {1-\cos x} x = 0$ as especially important; it's just another lemma. --Dfeuer (talk) 04:19, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

How can you prove the other one given this one? I'm not seeing it. --GFauxPas (talk) 05:00, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

$\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 0}\frac {1-\cos x} x = \lim_{x\to 0}\left(x \frac {1-\cos x} {x^2}\right)=\left(\lim_{x\to 0}x\right)\left(\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{1-\cos x}{x^2}\right)$. Basically, just knowing that the limit with denominator $x^2$ exists and is finite proves the theorem with denominator $x$. --Dfeuer (talk) 06:17, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

## Division Ring Question

I'm working on a proof, and for it to work this would have to be a theorem. Is it?

$-1 + x \ne 0$

where:

$0$ is the ring zero of a Division Ring.
$-1$ is the Ring Negative of the Unity of the division ring.
$x$ is not the Unity

--GFauxPas (talk) 13:33, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

A division ring is a group under addition. Hence, yes. — Lord_Farin (talk) 14:15, 13 June 2013 (UTC)
Why, because inverses are unique in a group under addition? --GFauxPas (talk) 15:28, 13 June 2013 (UTC)
Precisely. — Lord_Farin (talk) 20:15, 13 June 2013 (UTC)
Sufficient Condition for Vector Equals Inverse iff Zero Clear enough? --GFauxPas (talk) 17:36, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
Sooo what went wrong? --GFauxPas (talk) 23:45, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
You assumed $-2 \cdot 1_{\mathbb F} \ne 0_{\mathbb F}$, which is false if $\mathbb F$ has characteristic $2$. — Lord_Farin (talk) 06:08, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

How should I weaken the theorem to make it true? If I make $\mathbb F$ infinite, then it works, right? --GFauxPas (talk) 02:07, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

## PotW

I understand your enthusiasm to post up something on the POTW that's yours, but please leave it a little longer than 2 days for comment next time before posting up a brand new page. As it was, the water-wine page was flawed (the wording was inaccurate and the proof was handwavey) and needed work before going up. Whether the problem itself is worthy of being a POTW is also up for discussion (my view is that it's probably too trivial and hackneyed, but what the hey).

I've added a rigorous solution, and also cleaned up the presentation of the problem. (Technically, for instance, you don't have a "solution" of wine in water, unless the word means something different in US English than in British English - a "solution" is formed when you dissolve a solid in a liquid, and the term is not applied to a mixture of liquid.)

Is it worth keeping the original solution you posted up? Your call. --prime mover (talk) 05:00, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

It actually isn't mine, I saw it somewhere and liked it. But you're right I should have left it there longer. I'll replace the POTW with another candidate while this one is resolved.
I've encountered solution to mean liquid-in-liquid so maybe it is a regional thing. In such a case the one with the greater volume is the solvent and the other the solute. --GFauxPas (talk) 05:21, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
I've looked at the wikipedia page and it does allow for a liquid to be dissolved in another liquid, the example given being alcohol dissolved in water. But in this context wine is thereby already (basically) a solution of alcohol in water, so mixing it with water is just diluting the existing solution - in which case "solution", although technically accurate, still does not feel right in this context, as it's not the quantity of alcohol in the water that's relevant here so much as the quantity of wine.
I have instances of this problem in various puzzle books scattered around that were given to me by doting relatives ("the boy like maths, let's give him a book of children's puzzles") so I'll try and find an actual reference for it. --prime mover (talk) 06:04, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
As to the actual problem, my reasoning for it being POTW material is "I like it" . --GFauxPas (talk) 05:27, 21 June 2013 (UTC)