Absolutely Convergent Complex Series/Examples/(z over (1-z))^n

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Example of Absolutely Convergent Complex Series

The complex series defined as:

$\ds S = \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \paren {\dfrac z {1 - z} }^n$

is absolutely convergent, provided $\Re \paren z < \dfrac 1 2$.


Proof

Suppose $S$ is absolutely convergent.

Then $\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \cmod {\dfrac z {1 - z} }^n$ is convergent.

By Terms in Convergent Series Converge to Zero, this means that:

$\lim_{n \mathop \to \infty} \cmod {\dfrac z {1 - z} }^n \to 0$

which means in turn that:

\(\ds \cmod {\dfrac z {1 - z} }\) \(<\) \(\ds 1\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds \cmod z^2\) \(<\) \(\ds \cmod {1 - z}^2\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds x^2 + y^2\) \(<\) \(\ds \paren {1 - x}^2 + y^2\) Definition of Complex Modulus, where $z = x + i y$
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds x^2 + y^2\) \(<\) \(\ds 1 - 2 x + x^2 + y^2\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds 0\) \(<\) \(\ds 1 - 2 x\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds 2 x\) \(<\) \(\ds 1\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds x\) \(<\) \(\ds \dfrac 1 2\)

$\Box$


It remains to be shown that $S' := \ds \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \cmod {\dfrac z {1 - z} }^n$ is in fact a convergent series when $z < \dfrac 1 2$.


When $z < \dfrac 1 2$, we have that $\cmod {\dfrac z {1 - z} } < 1$, from above.

Let $w = \cmod {\dfrac z {1 - z} }$.

Then we have that:

\(\ds S'\) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty w^n\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \dfrac w {1 - w}\) Sum of Infinite Geometric Sequence: Corollary 1

The result follows.

$\blacksquare$


Sources