Congruence Relation on Group induces Normal Subgroup
Theorem
Let $\struct {G, \circ}$ be a group whose identity is $e$.
Let $\RR$ be a congruence relation for $\circ$.
Let $H = \eqclass e \RR$, where $\eqclass e \RR$ is the equivalence class of $e$ under $\RR$.
Then:
- $\struct {H, \circ \restriction_H}$ is a normal subgroup of $G$
where $\circ \restriction_H$ denotes the restriction of $\circ$ to $H$.
Proof
We are given that $\RR$ is a congruence relation for $\circ$.
From Equivalence Relation is Congruence iff Compatible with Operation, we have:
- $\forall u \in G: x \mathrel \RR y \implies \paren {x \circ u} \mathrel \RR \paren {y \circ u}, \paren {u \circ x} \mathrel \RR \paren {u \circ y}$
Proof of being a Subgroup
We show that $H$ is a subgroup of $G$.
First we note that $H$ is not empty:
- $e \in H \implies H \ne \O$
Then we show $H$ is closed:
\(\ds x, y\) | \(\in\) | \(\ds H\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds e\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds x\) | |||||||||||
\(\, \ds \land \, \) | \(\ds e\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds y\) | by definition of $H$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {e \circ e}\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds \paren {x \circ y}\) | $\RR$ is compatible with $\circ$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds x \circ y\) | \(\in\) | \(\ds H\) | by definition of $H$ |
Next we show that $x \in H \implies x^{-1} \in H$:
\(\ds x\) | \(\in\) | \(\ds H\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds e\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds x\) | Definition of $H$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {x^{-1} \circ e}\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds \paren {x^{-1} \circ x}\) | $\RR$ is compatible with $\circ$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds x^{-1}\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds e\) | Group properties | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds x^{-1}\) | \(\in\) | \(\ds H\) | Definition of $H$ |
Thus by the Two-Step Subgroup Test, $H$ is a subgroup of $G$.
$\Box$
Proof of Normality
Next we show that $H$ is normal in $G$.
Thus:
\(\ds x\) | \(\in\) | \(\ds H\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds e\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds h\) | for some $h \in H$, by definition of $H$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {x \circ e}\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds \paren {x \circ h}\) | $\RR$ is compatible with $\circ$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {x \circ e \circ x^{-1} }\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds \paren {x \circ h \circ x^{-1} }\) | $\RR$ is compatible with $\circ$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds e\) | \(\RR\) | \(\ds \paren {x \circ h \circ x^{-1} }\) | Group properties | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds x \circ h \circ x^{-1}\) | \(\in\) | \(\ds H\) | Definition of $H$ |
Thus from Subgroup is Normal iff Contains Conjugate Elements, we have that $H$ is normal.
$\blacksquare$
Also see
- Normal Subgroup induced by Congruence Relation defines that Congruence
- Quotient Structure on Group defined by Congruence equals Quotient Group
Sources
- 1965: Seth Warner: Modern Algebra ... (previous) ... (next): Chapter $\text {II}$: New Structures from Old: $\S 11$: Quotient Structures: Theorem $11.5$