Definite Integral to Infinity of Hyperbolic Sine of a x over Exponential of b x minus One
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Theorem
- $\ds \int_0^\infty \frac {\sinh a x} {e^{b x} - 1} \rd x = \frac 1 {2 a} - \frac \pi {2 b} \cot \frac {a \pi} b$
where:
- $a$ and $b$ are positive real numbers with $b > a$
- $\cot$ denotes the cotangent function.
Proof
\(\ds \int_0^\infty \frac {\sinh a x} {e^{b x} - 1} \rd x\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 2 \int_0^\infty \frac {e^{-b x} \paren {e^{a x} - e^{-a x} } } {1 - e^{-b x} }\) | Definition of Hyperbolic Sine | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 2 \int_0^\infty \paren {e^{\paren {a - b} x} - e^{-\paren {a + b} x} } \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty e^{-n b x}\) | Sum of Infinite Geometric Sequence | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 2 \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \int_0^\infty \paren {e^{\paren {a - \paren {n + 1} b} x} - e^{-\paren {a + \paren {n + 1} b} x} } \rd x\) | Fubini's Theorem | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 2 \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {\intlimits {\frac {e^{\paren {a - \paren {n + 1} b} x} } {a - \paren {n + 1} b} } 0 \infty - \intlimits {-\frac {e^{-\paren {a + \paren {n + 1} b} x} } {a + \paren {n + 1} b} } 0 \infty}\) | Derivative of Exponential of a x |
Note that as $b > a$, we have that $a - b < 0$.
As $b > 0$, we therefore have $a - \paren {n + 1} b < 0$ for all positive integer $n$.
We also have that as $a + \paren {n + 1} b > 0$, that $-\paren {a + \paren {n + 1} b} < 0$.
So, by Exponential Tends to Zero and Infinity:
- $\ds \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {e^{\paren {a - \paren {n + 1} b} x} } {a - \paren {n + 1} b} = 0$
and:
- $\ds \lim_{x \mathop \to \infty} \frac {e^{-\paren {a + \paren {n + 1} b} x} } {a + \paren {n + 1} b} = 0$
We therefore have:
\(\ds \frac 1 2 \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {\intlimits {\frac {e^{\paren {a - \paren {n + 1} b} x} } {a - \paren {n + 1} b} } 0 \infty - \intlimits {-\frac {e^{-\paren {a + \paren {n + 1} b} x} } {a + \paren {n + 1} b} } 0 \infty}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 2 \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \paren {\frac 1 {\paren {n + 1} b - a} - \frac 1 {\paren {n + 1} b + a} }\) | Exponential of Zero | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \sum_{n \mathop = 0}^\infty \frac a {\paren {n + 1}^2 b^2 - a^2}\) | Difference of Two Squares | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\frac 1 b \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {\paren {\frac a b} } {\paren {\frac a b}^2 - n^2}\) | shifting the index, extracting factors |
By Mittag-Leffler Expansion for Cotangent Function, we have:
- $\ds \pi \cot \pi z = \frac 1 z + 2 \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac z {z^2 - n^2}$
where $z$ is not an integer.
Setting $z = \dfrac a b$, we have:
- $\ds \pi \cot \frac {\pi a} b = \frac b a + 2 \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {\paren {\frac a b} } {\paren {\frac a b}^2 - n^2}$
Rearrangement gives:
- $\ds \frac \pi 2 \cot \frac {\pi a} b - \frac b {2 a} = \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {\paren {\frac a b} } {\paren {\frac a b}^2 - n^2}$
So:
\(\ds \int_0^\infty \frac {\sinh a x} {e^{b x} - 1} \rd x\) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\frac 1 b \sum_{n \mathop = 1}^\infty \frac {\paren {\frac a b} } {\paren {\frac a b}^2 - n^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a} - \frac \pi {2 b} \cot \frac {a \pi} b\) |
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 1968: Murray R. Spiegel: Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 15$: Definite Integrals involving Trigonometric Functions: $15.117$