Factorisation of x^(2n+1)-1 in Real Domain
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Theorem
Let $n \in \Z_{>0}$ be a (strictly) positive integer.
Then:
- $\ds z^{2 n + 1} - 1 = \paren {z - 1} \prod_{k \mathop = 1}^n \paren {z^2 - 2 z \cos \dfrac {2 \pi k} {2 n + 1} + 1}$
Proof
From Power of Complex Number minus 1:
- $\ds z^{2 n + 1} - 1 = \prod_{k \mathop = 0}^{2 n} \paren {z - \alpha^k}$
where:
\(\ds \alpha\) | \(=\) | \(\ds e^{2 i \pi / \paren {2 n + 1} }\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \cos \dfrac {2 \pi} {2 n + 1} + i \sin \dfrac {2 \pi} {2 n + 1}\) |
From Complex Roots of Unity occur in Conjugate Pairs:
- $U_{2 n + 1} = \set {1, \tuple {\alpha, \alpha^{2 n} }, \tuple {\alpha^2, \alpha^{2 n - 1} }, \ldots, \tuple {\alpha^k, \alpha^{2 n - k + 1} }, \ldots, \tuple {\alpha^n, \alpha^{n + 1} } }$
where $U_{2 n + 1}$ denotes the complex $2 n + 1$th roots of unity:
- $U_{2 n + 1} = \set {z \in \C: z^{2 n + 1} = 1}$
The case $n = 0$ is taken care of by setting $\alpha^0 = 1$, from whence we have the factor $z - 1$.
Taking the product of each of the remaining factors of $z^{2 n + 1} - 1$ in pairs:
\(\ds \paren {z - \alpha^k} \paren {z - \alpha^{2 n - k + 1} }\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \paren {z - \alpha^k} \paren {z - \overline {\alpha^k} }\) | Complex Roots of Unity occur in Conjugate Pairs | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds z^2 - z \paren {\alpha^k + \overline {\alpha^k} } + \alpha^k \overline {\alpha^k}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds z^2 - z \paren {\alpha^k + \overline {\alpha^k} } + \cmod {\alpha^k}^2\) | Modulus in Terms of Conjugate | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds z^2 - z \paren {\alpha^k + \overline {\alpha^k} } + 1\) | Modulus of Complex Root of Unity equals 1 | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds z^2 - z \paren {\cos \dfrac {2 k \pi} {2 n + 1} + i \sin \dfrac {2 k \pi} {2 n + 1} + \cos \dfrac {2 k \pi} {2 n + 1} - i \sin \dfrac {2 k \pi} {2 n + 1} } + 1\) | Definition of $\alpha$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds z^2 - 2 z \cos \dfrac {2 k \pi} {2 n + 1} + 1\) | simplification |
Hence the result.
$\blacksquare$
Also see
Sources
- 1960: Walter Ledermann: Complex Numbers ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 3$. Roots of Unity: $(3.13)$