Grazing Cows
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Problem
Let:
- $a$ cows graze $b$ fields in $c$ days
- $a'$ cows graze $b'$ fields in $c'$ days
- $a$ cows graze $b$ fields in $c$ days.
What is the relationship between the $9$ magnitudes $a$ to $c$?
Solution
Suppose that:
- each field initially contains the same quantity of grass $M$
- the daily growth in each field is the same, $m$
- each cow consumes the same amount of grass per day, $Q$.
Then:
\(\ds b M + c b m - c a Q\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds b' M + c' b' m - c' a' Q\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds b M + c b m - c a Q\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) |
Consider the matrix:
- $A = \begin{pmatrix} b & b c & c a \\ b' & b' c' & c' a' \\ b & b c & c a \end{pmatrix}$
We have:
- $A \tuple {M, m, -Q}^T = \mathbf 0$
Given that each of $M$, $m$ and $Q$ are not zero, by Matrix is Non-Invertible iff Product with Non-Zero Vector is Zero, $A$ is non-invertible.
It follows that $\det A = 0$.
After algebra, we have:
- $b c c' \paren {a b' - b a'} + c b \paren {b c' a' - b' c a} + c a b b' \paren {c - c'} = 0$
$\blacksquare$
Historical Note
According to David Wells in his Curious and Interesting Puzzles, this question appeared in Isaac Newton's Arithmetica Universalis of $1707$.
Sources
- 1707: Isaac Newton: Arithmetica Universalis
- 1965: Heinrich Dörrie: 100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics (translated by David Antin)
- 1992: David Wells: Curious and Interesting Puzzles ... (previous) ... (next): Prince Rupert's Cube: $128$