Hilbert Sequence Space is Separable

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Theorem

Let $A$ be the set of all real sequences $\sequence {x_i}$ such that the series $\ds \sum_{i \mathop \ge 0} x_i^2$ is convergent.

Let $\ell^2 = \struct {A, d_2}$ be the Hilbert sequence space on $\R$.


Then $\ell^2$ is a separable space.


Proof

Consider the set $H$ of all points of $\ell^2$ which have finitely many rational coordinates and all the rest zero.

$H$ is countable, since

Rational Numbers are Countably Infinite
Cartesian Product of Countable Sets is Countable
Countable Union of Countable Sets is Countable

It remains to show that $H$ is everywhere dense in $\ell^2$.

Indeed, the result then follows by definition of separable space.


To this end, let $\sequence {x_i} \in \ell^2$.

For each $n \in \N$, define $\sequence {q^{\paren n} _i} \in H$ by:

$q^{\paren n} _i :=

\begin {cases} \frac {\floor {2^{n+i} x} }{2^{n+i} } & : i < n \\ 0 & : i \ge n \end{cases}$ where $\floor \cdot$ denotes the floor function.

Then, we have:

\(\ds \map {d_2} { \sequence {x_i} , \sequence {q^{\paren n} _i} } ^2\) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop \ge 0} \paren {x_i - q^{\paren n} _i}^2\) Definition of Hilbert Sequence Space
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{n-1} \paren {x_i - \frac {\floor {2^{n+i} x} }{2^{n+i} } }^2 + \sum_{i \mathop \ge n} x_i ^2\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{n-1} \paren {\frac {2^{n+i}x - \floor {2^{n+i} x} }{2^{n+i} } }^2 + \sum_{i \mathop \ge n} x_i ^2\)
\(\ds \) \(\le\) \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop = 0}^{n-1} \paren {\frac 1 {2^{n+i} } }^2 + \sum_{i \mathop \ge n} x_i ^2\) in view of Definition of Floor Function
\(\ds \) \(\le\) \(\ds \sum_{i \mathop \ge 0} \paren {\frac 1 {2^{n+i} } }^2 + \sum_{i \mathop \ge n} x_i ^2\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {4^n} \sum_{i \mathop \ge 0} \frac 1 {4^i} + \sum_{i \mathop \ge n} x_i ^2\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {4^n} \cdot \frac 4 3 + \sum_{i \mathop \ge n} x_i ^2\) Sum of Infinite Geometric Sequence
\(\ds \) \(\to\) \(\ds 0\) as $n \to \infty$, since Tail of Convergent Series tends to Zero

$\blacksquare$


Sources

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