Lp Metric on Closed Real Interval is Metric

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Theorem

Let $S$ be the set of all real functions which are continuous on the closed interval $\closedint a b$.

Let $p \in \R_{\ge 1}$.

Let $d_p: S \times S \to \R$ be the $L^p$ metric on $\closedint a b$:

$\ds \forall f, g \in S: \map {d_p} {f, g} := \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map g t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}$


Then $d_p$ is a metric.


Proof

Proof of Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 1)$

\(\ds \map {d_p} {f, f}\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map f t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\) Definition of $d_p$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b 0^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\) Definition of Absolute Value
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds 0\) Definite Integral of Constant

So Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 1)$ holds for $d_p$.

$\Box$


Proof of Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 2)$: Triangle Inequality

It is required to be shown:

$\map {d_p} {f, g} + \map {d_p} {g, h} \ge \map {d_p} {f, h}$

for all $f, g, h \in S$.


Let:

$(1): \quad t \in \closedint a b$
$(2): \quad \size {\map f t - \map g t = \map r t}$
$(3): \quad \size {\map g t - \map h t = \map s t}$

Thus we need to show that:

$\ds \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map g t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p} + \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map g t - \map h t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p} \ge \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map h t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}$


We have:

\(\ds \map {d_p} {f, g} + \map {d_p} {g, h}\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map g t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p} + \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map g t - \map h t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\) Definition of $d_p$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \paren {\map r t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p} + \paren {\int_a^b \paren {\map s t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\)
\(\ds \) \(\ge\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \paren {\map r t + \map s t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\) Minkowski's Inequality for Integrals
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \paren {\size {\map f t - \map g t} + \size {\map g t - \map h t} }^2 \rd t}^{\frac 1 2}\) Definition of $\map r t$ and $\map s t$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map h t}^2 \rd t}^{\frac 1 2}\) Triangle Inequality for Real Numbers
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \map {d_p} {f, h}\) Definition of $d_p$

So Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 2)$: Triangle Inequality holds for $d_p$.

$\Box$


Proof of Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 3)$

\(\ds \map {d_p} {f, g}\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map g t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\) Definition of $d_p$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map g t - \map f t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\) Definition of Absolute Value
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \map {d_p} {g, f}\) Definition of $d_p$

So Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 3)$ holds for $d_p$.

$\Box$


Proof of Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 4)$

\(\ds \forall t \in \closedint a b: \, \) \(\ds \map f t\) \(\ne\) \(\ds \map g t\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds \size {\map f t - \map g t}^p\) \(\ge\) \(\ds 0\)
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) \(\ds \paren {\int_a^b \size {\map f t - \map g t}^p \rd t}^{\frac 1 p}\) \(\ge\) \(\ds 0\) Sign of Function Matches Sign of Definite Integral

From Zero Definite Integral of Nowhere Negative Function implies Zero Function we have that:

$\map {d_p} {f, g} = 0 \leadsto f = g$

on $\closedint a b$.

So Metric Space Axiom $(\text M 4)$ holds for $d_p$.

$\blacksquare$


Sources

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