Peak Point Lemma/Proof 1

From ProofWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Theorem

Let $\sequence {x_n}$ be a sequence in $\R$ which is infinite.


Then $\sequence {x_n}$ has an infinite subsequence which is monotone.


Proof

There are $2$ cases to consider.


First, suppose that every set $\set {x_n: n > N}$ has a maximum.

If this is the case, we can find a sequence $n_r \in \N$ such that:

$\ds x_{n_1} = \max \set {x_n: n > 1}$
$\ds x_{n_2} = \max \set {x_n: n > n_1}$
$\ds x_{n_3} = \max \set {x_n: n > n_2}$

and so on.


From the method of construction, $n_1 < n_2 < n_3 < \cdots$, so at each stage we are taking the maximum of a subset of the previous set.

At each stage, the previous maximum has already been taken as the previous term in the sequence.

Thus, $\sequence {x_{n_r} }$ is a decreasing subsequence of $\sequence {x_n}$.

$\Box$


Second, suppose it is not true that every set $\set {x_n: n > N}$ has a maximum.

Then there will exist some $N_1$ such that $\set {x_n: n > N_1}$ has no maximum.

So it follows that, given some $x_m$ with $m > N_1$, we can find an $x_n$ following that $x_m$ such that $x_n > x_m$.

(Otherwise, the biggest of $x_{N_1 + 1}, \ldots, x_m$ would be a maximum for $\set {x_n: n > N_1}$.)


So, we define $x_{n_1} = x_{N_1 + 1}$.

Then $x_{n_2}$ can be the first term after $x_{n_1}$ such that $x_{n_2} > x_{n_1}$.

Then $x_{n_3}$ can be the first term after $x_{n_2}$ such that $x_{n_3} > x_{n_2}$.

And so on.

Thus we get an increasing subsequence of $\sequence {x_n}$.

$\Box$


There exist only these two possibilities.

From each one we get a subsequence that is monotone:

one is decreasing
one is increasing.


We can of course choose instead to investigate whether every set $\set {x_n: n > N}$ has a minimum.

The same conclusion will be reached.

$\blacksquare$


Sources

Retrieved from "https://proofwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_Point_Lemma/Proof_1&oldid=535857"