Primitive of Reciprocal of p squared plus square of q by Sine of a x

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Theorem

$\ds \int \frac {\d x} {p^2 + q^2 \sin^2 a x} = \frac 1 {a p \sqrt {p^2 + q^2} } \arctan \frac {\sqrt {p^2 + q^2} \tan a x} p + C$


where $C$ is an arbitrary constant.


Proof

\(\ds \int \frac {\d x} {p^2 + q^2 \sin^2 a x}\) \(=\) \(\ds \int \frac {\sec^2 a x \rd x} {p^2 \sec^2 a x + q^2 \tan^2 a x}\) multiplying numerator and denominator by $\sec^2 a x$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \int \frac {\sec^2 a x \rd x} {p^2 + \paren {p^2 + q^2} \tan^2 a x}\) Difference of Squares of Secant and Tangent
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \int \frac {\paren {\tan a x}' \rd x} {a p^2 + a \paren {p^2 + q^2} \tan^2 a x}\) Derivative of Tangent Function
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \int \frac {\d t} {a p^2 + a \paren {p^2 + q^2} t^2}\) substituting $t = \tan a x$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {a \paren {p^2 + q^2} } \int \frac {\d t} {\paren {\tfrac p {\sqrt {p^2 + q^2} } }^2 + t^2}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {a \paren {p^2 + q^2} } \frac {\sqrt {p^2 + q^2} } p \map \arctan {\frac {\sqrt {p^2 + q^2} } p t} + C\) Primitive of $\dfrac 1 {x^2 + a^2}$
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {a p \sqrt {p^2 + q^2} } \map \arctan {\frac {\sqrt {p^2 + q^2} } p t} + C\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {a p \sqrt {p^2 + q^2} } \map \arctan {\frac {\sqrt {p^2 + q^2} \tan a x} p} + C\) substituting $t = \tan a x$

$\blacksquare$


Also see


Sources