Primitive of Reciprocal of x squared by a squared minus x squared
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Theorem
- $\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x^2 \paren {a^2 - x^2} } = \frac {-1} {a^2 x} + \frac 1 {2 a^3} \map \ln {\frac {a + x} {a - x} } + C$
for $x^2 < a^2$.
Proof
\(\ds \int \frac {\d x} {x^2 \paren {a^2 - x^2} }\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \paren {\frac 1 {a^2 \paren {a^2 - x^2} } + \frac 1 {a^2 x^2} } \rd x\) | Partial Fraction Expansion | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {a^2} \int \frac {\d x} {a^2 - x^2} + \frac 1 {a^2} \int \frac {\d x} {x^2}\) | Linear Combination of Primitives | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {a^2} \int \frac {\d x} {a^2 - x^2} - \frac 1 {a^2 x} + C\) | Primitive of Power | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {a^2} \paren {\frac 1 2 \map \ln {\frac {a + x} {a - x} } } - \frac 1 {a^2 x} + C\) | Primitive of $\dfrac 1 {a^2 - x^2}$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {a^2 x} + \frac 1 {2 a^3} \map \ln {\frac {a + x} {a - x} } + C\) | simplifying |
$\blacksquare$
Also see
Sources
- 1968: Murray R. Spiegel: Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 14$: Integrals involving $a^2 - x^2$, $x^2 < a^2$: $14.168$