Pullback of Subset Inclusion
Theorem
Denote with $\mathbf{Set}$ the category of sets.
Let $A, B$ be sets, and let $f: A \to B$ be a mapping.
Let $V \subseteq B$ be a subset of $B$.
Denote with $i: V \to B$ the inclusion mapping.
Let $f^{-1} \left({V}\right) \subseteq A$ be the preimage of $V$ under $f$.
Denote with $j: f^{-1} \left({V}\right) \to A$ the inclusion mapping.
Denote with $\bar f = f \restriction_{f^{-1} \left({V}\right)}$ the restriction of $f$ to $f^{-1} \left({V}\right)$.
Then:
- $\begin{xy}\xymatrix{ f^{-1} \left({V}\right) \ar[r]^*+{\bar f} \ar[d]_*+{j} & V \ar[d]^*+{i} \\ A \ar[r]_*+{f} & B }\end{xy}$
is a pullback diagram in $\mathbf{Set}$.
Proof
From the definition of pullback, given a commutative diagram:
- $\begin{xy}\xymatrix{ Q \ar[r]^*+{q_1} \ar[d]_*+{q_2} & V \ar[d]^*+{i} \\ A \ar[r]_*+{f} & B }\end{xy}$
we need to find a mapping $u: Q \to f^{-1} \left({V}\right)$ such that $\bar f \circ u = q_1$ and $j \circ u = q_2$.
Let $x \in Q$; then $q_1 \left({x}\right) \in V \subseteq B$.
Note that the commutativity of the diagram implies that $q_1 \left({x}\right) = f \left({q_2 \left({x}\right)}\right)$ since $i$ is an inclusion.
Hence also $f \left({q_2 \left({x}\right)}\right) \in V$.
It follows by definition of preimage that $q_2 \left({x}\right) \in f^{-1} \left({V}\right)$.
Thus define $u: Q \to f^{-1} \left({V}\right)$ by restriction of $q_2$:
- $u \left({x}\right) := q_2 \restriction_{Q \times f^{-1} \left({V}\right)} \left({x}\right)$
Then we have:
- $j \circ u \left({x}\right) = u \left({x}\right) = q_2 \left({x}\right)$
since $j$ is an inclusion mapping.
Hence $q_2 = j \circ u$ by Equality of Mappings.
Furthermore:
- $\bar f \circ u \left({x}\right) = \bar f \circ q_2 \left({x}\right) = f \left({q_2 \left({x}\right)}\right) = q_1 \left({x}\right)$
since $\bar f$ and $u$ are restrictions of $f$ and $q_2$, respectively.
Hence $\bar f \circ u = q_1$ by Equality of Mappings.
Observe that any $u': Q \to f^{-1} \left({V}\right)$ must satisfy:
- $j \circ u' = q_2 = j \circ u$
By Inclusion Mapping is Injection, $j$ is an injection.
From Injection iff Monomorphism in Category of Sets, we conclude $j$ is a monomorphism, and so $u = u'$.
This establishes that $u: Q \to f^{-1} \left({V}\right)$ is unique.
Therefore, we have established that:
- $\begin{xy}\xymatrix{ f^{-1} \left({V}\right) \ar[r]^*+{\bar f} \ar[d]_*+{j} & V \ar[d]^*+{i} \\ A \ar[r]_*+{f} & B }\end{xy}$
is a pullback diagram in $\mathbf{Set}$.
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 2010: Steve Awodey: Category Theory (2nd ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 5.2$: Example $5.7$