Regular Representations in Semigroup are Permutations then Structure is Group

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Theorem

Let $\struct {S, \circ}$ be a semigroup.

For $a \in S$, let $\lambda_a: S \to S$ and $\rho_a: S \to S$ denote the left regular representation and right regular representation with respect to $a$ respectively:

\(\ds \forall x \in S: \, \) \(\ds \map {\lambda_a} x\) \(=\) \(\ds a \circ x\)
\(\ds \forall x \in S: \, \) \(\ds \map {\rho_a} x\) \(=\) \(\ds x \circ a\)


For all $a$ in $S$, let $\lambda_a$ be a permutation on $S$.

Let there exist $b$ in $S$ such that $\rho_b$ is a permutation on $S$.


Then $\struct {S, \circ}$ is a group.


Proof

We have that $\lambda_a$ be a permutation on $S$ for all $a \in S$.

In particular this applies to $b$.

So:

$\lambda_b$ is a permutation on $S$
$\rho_b$ is a permutation on $S$

and so from Regular Representations wrt Element are Permutations then Element is Invertible:

$\struct {S, \circ}$ has an identity element
$b$ is invertible in $\struct {S, \circ}$.

It remains to be shown that $a$ is invertible in $S$ for all $a \in S$.


Let the identity element of $\struct {S, \circ}$ be $e$.

We have that $\lambda_a$ be a permutation on $S$ for all $a \in S$.

Hence:

\(\ds \forall a \in S: \exists a' \in S: \, \) \(\ds e\) \(=\) \(\ds \map {\lambda_a} {a'}\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds a \circ a'\)


Thus for all $a$ in $S$, $a$ has a left inverse $a'$.

Now as $e$ is an identity element of $S$, it is by definition a left identity.

Hence from Left Inverse for All is Right Inverse, $a'$ is also a right inverse for $a$.

That is, every $a \in S$ has an element which is both a left inverse and a right inverse.

That is, every $a \in S$ has an inverse.


So we have that $\struct {S, \circ}$ is a semigroup such that:

$\struct {S, \circ}$ has an identity element
every element of $S$ has an inverse.

Hence, by definition, $\struct {S, \circ}$ is a group.

$\blacksquare$


Sources