User:Shahpour

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Theorem

Let $\gamma$ be a closed contour.

Let $D$ be the region enclosed by $\gamma$.

Let $f$ and $g$ be complex-valued functions which are holomorphic in $D$.

Let $\cmod {\map g z} < \cmod {\map f z}$ on $\gamma$.


Then $f$ and $f + g$ have the same number of zeroes in $D$ counted up to multiplicity.


Proof

Let $N_f$ and $N_{f + g}$ be the number of zeroes of $f$ and $f + g$ in $D$ respectively.

By the Argument Principle:

$\ds N_f = \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} \rd z$

Similarly:

$\ds N_{f + g} = \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \frac {\map {\paren {f + g}'} z} {\map {\paren {f + g} } z} \rd z$

We aim to show that $N_f = N_{f + g}$.

From $\cmod {\map g z} < \cmod {\map f z}$ we have that $f$ is non-zero on $\gamma$, otherwise we would have $\cmod {\map g z} < 0$.

From the fact that $\cmod {\map g z} \ne \cmod {\map f z}$ we also have that $\map g z \ne - \map f z$, so $f + g$ is also non-zero on $\gamma$.

We have:

\(\ds N_{f + g} - N_f\) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \frac {\map {\paren {f + g}'} z} {\map {\paren {f + g} } z} \rd z - \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} \rd z\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \paren {\frac {\map {\paren {f + g}'} z} {\map {\paren {f + g} } z} - \frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} } \rd z\) Linear Combination of Contour Integrals
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \paren {\frac {\map {\paren {f \paren {1 + \frac g f} }'} z} {\map {\paren {\map f {1 + \frac g f} } } z} - \frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} } \rd z\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \paren {\frac {\map {\paren {\map {f'} {1 + \frac g f} } } z} {\map {\paren {\map f {1 + \frac g f} } } z} + \frac {\map {\paren {\map f {1 + \frac g f}'} } z} {\map {\paren {\map f {1 + \frac g f} } } z} - \frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} } \rd z\) Product Rule for Derivatives

So:

\(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \paren {\frac {\map {\paren {f' \paren {1 + \frac g f} } } z} {\map {\paren {f \paren {1 + \frac g f} } } z} + \frac {\map {\paren {f \paren {1 + \frac g f}'} } z} {\map {\paren {\map f {1 + \frac g f} } } z} - \frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} } \rd z\) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \paren {\frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} + \frac {\map {\paren {1 + \frac g f}'} z} {\map {\paren {1 + \frac g f} } z} - \frac {\map {f'} z} {\map f z} } \rd z\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \frac {\map {\paren {1 + \frac g f}'} z} {\map {\paren {1 + \frac g f} } z} \rd z\)

For brevity, write:

$F = 1 + \dfrac g f$

As $\cmod {\dfrac g f} < 1$ on $\gamma$, we must have:

$\cmod {\map \Re {\dfrac g f} } < 1$

That is:

$0 < \map \Re F < 2$

on $\gamma$.

That is, the image of $\gamma$ under $F$ does not encircle $0$.

So, by the definition of winding number, we have:

$\map {\mathrm {Ind}_{\map F \gamma} } 0 = 0$

So:

\(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_\gamma \frac {\map {F'} z} {\map F z} \rd z\) \(=\) \(\ds \frac 1 {2 \pi i} \oint_{\map F \gamma} \frac 1 z \rd z\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds \map {\mathrm {Ind}_{\map F \gamma} } 0\) Definition of Winding Number
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds 0\)

Hence:

$N_{f + g} = N_f$

$\blacksquare$


Source of Name

This entry was named for Eugène Rouché.

Theorem

Rouché's Theorem for analytic functions.

If $f(z)$ and $g(z)$ are analytic (holomorphic) functions inside and on a simple closed curve $C$ and if $|g(z)|<|f(z)|$ for $z\in C$, then $f(z)+g(z)$ and $f(z)$ have the same number of zeros inside $C$.

Proof

Because $|f(z)|>|g(z)|\ge0$ on $C$ it follows that $|f(z)|\neq0$ and $|f(z)+g(z)|\neq0$ also. Let $N_1$ and $N_2$ be number of zeros of $f(z)$ and $f(z)+g(z)$, respectively, inside $C$. By argument's principle $N_1=\dfrac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_Carg[f(z)]$ and $N_2=\dfrac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_Carg[f(z)+g(z)]$ so \begin{eqnarray*}

 N_2 &=& \frac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_Carg[f(z)+g(z)] \\
     &=& \frac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_Carg[f(z)][1+\frac{g}{f}(z)] \\
     &=& \frac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_Carg[f(z)]+\frac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_Carg[1+\frac{g}{f}(z)]\\
     &=& N_1+\frac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_Carg[1+\frac{g}{f}(z)]

\end{eqnarray*} Let $\omega=1+\dfrac{g}{f}(z)$ is a point in range of $1+\dfrac{g}{f}(z)$ that is on it's graph. From assumption $|g(z)|<|f(z)|$ we have $$|\omega-1|=\Big|\frac{g}{f}(z)\Big|<1$$ so $\omega$ must be inside the circle $|\omega-1|<1$ for $z\in C$, that shows $\omega$ doesn't meet $0$ then $\Delta_Carg[w]=\Delta_Carg[1+\dfrac{g}{f}(z)]=0$ and we conclude $N_2=N_1$.

Also see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouch%C3%A9's_theorem

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RouchesTheorem.html

Sources