Closure of Subset Contains Parallel Elements
Theorem
Let $M = \struct {S, \mathscr I}$ be a matroid.
Let $\sigma: \powerset S \to \powerset S$ denote the closure operator of $M$.
Let $A \subseteq S$.
Let $x, y \in S$.
If $x \in \map \sigma A$ and $y$ is parallel to $x$ then:
- $y \in \map \sigma A$
Proof
Let $\rho: \powerset S \to \Z$ denote the rank function of $M$.
Let $x \in \map \sigma A$
Let $y$ be parallel to $x$.
By the definitions of the closure operator and depends depends:
- $\map \rho A = \map \rho {A \cup \set x}$
and:
- $y \in \map \sigma A$ if and only if $\map \rho A = \map \rho {A \cup \set y}$
From Rank Function is Increasing:
- $\map \rho {A \cup \set x} = \map \rho A \le \map \rho {A \cup \set y} \le \map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} }$
To show $\map \rho A = \map \rho {A \cup \set y}$ it is sufficient to show:
- $\map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} } = \map \rho {A \cup \set x}$
From Rank Function is Increasing:
- $\map \rho {A \cup \set x} \le \map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} }$
By the definition of parallel:
- $\set x$ is independent
From Independent Subset is Contained in Maximal Independent Subset:
- $\exists X \in \mathscr I : \set x \subseteq X \subseteq A \cup \set x : \size X = \map \rho {A \cup \set x}$
From Subset Relation is Transitive:
- $X \subseteq A \cup \set {x, y}$
From Independent Subset is Contained in Maximal Independent Subset:
- $\exists Y \in \mathscr I : X \subseteq Y \subseteq A \cup \set {x, y} : \size Y = \map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} }$
By definition of a subset:
- $x \in Y$
By definition of parallel:
- $\set {x, y}$ is dependent
From Superset of Dependent Set is Dependent:
- $\set {x, y} \nsubseteq Y$
Then:
- $y \notin Y$
So:
- $Y \subseteq A \cup \set x$
By definition of the rank function:
- $\size Y \le \map \rho {A \cup \set x}$
As $\size Y = \map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} }$ then:
- $\map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} } \le \map \rho {A \cup \set x}$
As $\map \rho {A \cup \set x} \le \map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} }$ then:
- $\map \rho {A \cup \set {x, y} } = \map \rho {A \cup \set x}$
The result follows.
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 1976: Dominic Welsh: Matroid Theory ... (previous) ... (next) Chapter $1.$ $\S 4.$ Loops and parallel elements