Henry Ernest Dudeney/Modern Puzzles/128 - Lines and Squares/General Solution
Modern Puzzles by Henry Ernest Dudeney: $128$
- Lines and Squares
- With how few straight lines can you make exactly one hundred squares?
- Thus, in the first diagram it will be found that with nine straight lines I have made twenty squares
General Solution
With $n$ straight lines we can make as many as:
Proof
Suppose with $n$ lines, we create a rectangular grid with $a$ columns and $b$ rows.
Further suppose that $a < b$.
We can add an extra column and remove a row simultaneouly without changing the total number of lines $n$.
By adding one more column, we create:
- $b$ squares with side length $1$;
- $b - 1$ squares with side length $2$;
- ...
- $b - a + 1$ squares with side length $a$.
The number of new squares this process adds will be:
\(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = b - a + 1}^{b} k\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {a \paren {b - a + 1 + b} }2\) | Sum of Arithmetic Sequence |
By removing a row now, we remove:
- $a + 1$ squares with side length $1$;
- $a$ squares with side length $2$;
- ...
- $1$ square with side length $a + 1$.
The number of squares this process removes will be:
\(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = b - a + 1}^{b} k\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {a \paren {a + 1} }2\) | Closed Form for Triangular Numbers |
The net change of the number of squares is:
\(\ds \frac {a \paren {b - a + 1 + b} }2 - \frac {a \paren {a + 1} }2\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac a 2 \paren {b - a + 1 + b - a - 1}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds a \paren {b - a}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(>\) | \(\ds 0\) | since $a < b$ |
Therefore for the same $n$, the closer the number of rows and columns are, the more squares we would create.
$\Box$
For even $n$, we would have $\dfrac n 2$ vertical lines and horizontal lines each.
This creates a square grid with side length $\dfrac n 2 - 1$.
The number of squares with side length $1$ is $\paren {\dfrac n 2 - 1}^2$.
The number of squares with side length $2$ is $\paren {\dfrac n 2 - 2}^2$.
...
The number of squares with side length $\dfrac n 2 - 1$ is $1^2$.
Hence there would be:
\(\ds \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^{n/2 - 1} k^2\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\paren {n/2 - 1} \paren {n/2 - 1 + 1} \paren {2 \paren {n/2 - 1} + 1} } 6\) | Sum of Sequence of Squares | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {n \paren {n - 2} \paren {n - 1} } {24}\) |
$\Box$
Now suppose we create a rectangle with $n + 1$ lines.
By adding an extra column (or row), we would create:
- $\dfrac n 2 - 1$ more squares with side length $1$;
- $\dfrac n 2 - 2$ more squares with side length $2$;
- ...
- $1$ more square with side length $\dfrac n 2 - 1$.
The total number of squares will now become:
\(\ds \frac {n \paren {n - 2} \paren {n - 1} } {24} + \sum_{k \mathop = 1}^{n/2 - 1} k\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {n \paren {n - 2} \paren {n - 1} } {24} + \frac {\paren {n/2 - 1} \paren {n/2 - 1 + 1} }2\) | Closed Form for Triangular Numbers | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {n \paren {n - 2} \paren {n - 1} } {24} + \frac {n \paren {n - 2} } 8\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {n \paren {n - 2} } {24} \paren {n - 1 + 3}\) | factorizing | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {n \paren {n - 2} \paren {n + 2} } {24}\) |
By doing the substitution $n \to n - 1$, we obtain the formula for odd $n$:
- $\dfrac {\paren {n - 3} \paren {n - 1} \paren {n + 1} } {24}$
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 1926: Henry Ernest Dudeney: Modern Puzzles ... (previous) ... (next): Solutions: $128$. -- Lines and Squares
- 1968: Henry Ernest Dudeney: 536 Puzzles & Curious Problems ... (previous) ... (next): Answers: $259$. Lines and Squares