Primitive of Reciprocal of a squared minus x squared/Logarithm Form

Theorem

Let $a \in \R_{>0}$ be a strictly positive real constant.

Let $x \in \R$ such that $\size x \ne a$.

$1$st Logarithm Form

$\ds \int \frac {\d x} {a^2 - x^2} = \begin {cases} \dfrac 1 {2 a} \map \ln {\dfrac {a + x} {a - x} } + C & : \size x < a\\

& \\

\dfrac 1 {2 a} \map \ln {\dfrac {x + a} {x - a} } + C & : \size x > a \\

& \\ \text {undefined} & : \size x = a \end {cases}$

$2$nd Logarithm Form

$\ds \int \frac {\d x} {a^2 - x^2} = \dfrac 1 {2 a} \ln \size {\dfrac {a + x} {a - x} } + C$