Primitive of Reciprocal of x fourth plus a fourth/Partial Fraction Expansion
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Lemma for Primitive of Reciprocal of $x^4 + a^4$
- $\dfrac 1 {x^4 + a^4} = \dfrac {x + a \sqrt 2} {2 a^3 \sqrt 2 \paren {x^2 + a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} } - \dfrac {x - a \sqrt 2} {2 a^3 \sqrt 2 \paren {x^2 - a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} }$
Proof
\(\ds \frac 1 {x^4 + a^4}\) | \(\equiv\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {\paren {x^2 + a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} \paren {x^2 - a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} }\) | Sum of Two Fourth Powers | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(\equiv\) | \(\ds \frac {A x + B} {x^2 + a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} + \frac {C x + D} {x^2 - a x \sqrt 2 + a^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds 1\) | \(\equiv\) | \(\ds \paren {A x + B} \paren {x^2 - a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} + \paren {C x + D} \paren {x^2 + a x \sqrt 2 + a^2}\) | |||||||||||
\(\text {(1)}: \quad\) | \(\ds \) | \(\equiv\) | \(\ds A x^3 + B x^2 - A a x^2 \sqrt 2 - B a x \sqrt 2 + A x a^2 + B a^2\) | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(\) | \(\, \ds + \, \) | \(\ds C x^3 + D x^2 + C a x^2 \sqrt 2 + D a x \sqrt 2 + C x a^2 + D a^2\) |
Equating coefficients of $x^3$ in $(1)$:
\(\ds A + C\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | ||||||||||||
\(\text {(2)}: \quad\) | \(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds -A\) | \(=\) | \(\ds C\) |
Equating coefficients of $x^2$ in $(1)$:
\(\ds -A a \sqrt 2 + B + C a \sqrt 2 + D\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | ||||||||||||
\(\text {(3)}: \quad\) | \(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds 2 C a \sqrt 2 + B + D\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | substituting for $A$ from $(2)$ |
Equating coefficients of $x$ in $(1)$:
\(\ds -B a \sqrt 2 + A a^2 + D a \sqrt 2 + C a^2\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds -B a \sqrt 2 - C a^2 + D a \sqrt 2 + C a^2\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | substituting for $A$ from $(2)$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds -B + D\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | |||||||||||
\(\text {(4)}: \quad\) | \(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds B\) | \(=\) | \(\ds D\) |
Setting $x = 0$ in $(1)$:
\(\ds B a^2 + D a^2\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds 2 D a^2\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1\) | substituting for $B$ from $(4)$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds D\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^2}\) | |||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds B\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^2}\) | from $(4)$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds 2 C a \sqrt 2 + \frac 1 {a^2}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 0\) | substituting for $B$ and $D$ in $(3)$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds C\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {2 a^3 \sqrt 2}\) | substituting for $B$ and $D$ in $(3)$ | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadsto \ \ \) | \(\ds A\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^3 \sqrt 2}\) | from $(2)$ |
Summarising:
\(\ds A\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^3 \sqrt 2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds B\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds C\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {-1} {2 a^3 \sqrt 2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds D\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac 1 {2 a^2}\) |
Thus:
\(\ds \frac 1 {x^4 + a^4}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\frac 1 {2 a^3 \sqrt 2} x + \frac 1 {2 a^2} } {x^2 + a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} + \frac {\frac {-1} {2 a^3 \sqrt 2} x + \frac 1 {2 a^2} } {x^2 - a x \sqrt 2 + a^2}\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {x + a \sqrt 2} {2 a^3 \sqrt 2 \paren {x^2 + a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} } - \frac {x - a \sqrt 2} {2 a^3 \sqrt 2 \paren {x^2 - a x \sqrt 2 + a^2} }\) |
$\blacksquare$