Necessary Condition for Integral Functional to have Extremum/Two Variables/Lemma
Theorem
Let $D \subset \R^2$.
Let $\Gamma$ be the boundary of $D$.
Let $\alpha : D \to \R$ be a continuous mapping.
Let $h : D \to \R$ be a twice differentiable mapping such that $\map h \Gamma = 0$.
Suppose for every $h$ we have that:
- $\ds \iint_D \map \alpha {x, y} \map h {x,y} \rd x \rd y = 0$.
Then:
- $\ds \forall x, y \in D : \map \alpha {x, y} = 0$
Proof
Aiming for a contradiction, suppose that:
- $\ds \exists x_0,y_0 \in D : \map \alpha {x_0,y_0} > 0$
$\alpha$ is continuous in $D$.
Therefore, there exists a closed ball $B^-_{\epsilon}$ defined by:
- $\map {B^-_{\epsilon}} {x_0, y_0} := \set {\tuple{x,y} \in D : \paren {x - x_0}^2 + \paren {y - y_0}^2 \le \epsilon^2}$
such that:
- $\forall x,y \in B^-_{\epsilon} : \map \alpha {x,y} > 0$
Choose $\map h {x, y}$ in the following way:
- $\map h {x,y} = \begin {cases} 0, \forall x, y \notin B^-_{\epsilon} \\ \sqbrk {\epsilon^2 - \paren {x - x_0}^2 - \paren {y - y_0}^2}^3, \forall x,y \in B^-_{\epsilon} \end{cases}$
Such a choice for $\map h {x,y}$ satisfies the conditions of the lemma.
But then both $\alpha$ and $h$ are positive inside this ball.
Hence, the integral is positive.
This contradicts assumptions of the lemma.
Hence:
- $\ds \forall x, y \in D : \map \alpha {x,y} = 0$
$\blacksquare$
Mistake
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The author uses a slightly different form of the function $h$:
- $\map h {x,y} = \begin{cases} 0, \forall x, y \notin B^-_{\epsilon} \\ \sqbrk {\paren {x - x_0}^2 + \paren {y - y_0}^2 - \epsilon^2}^3, \forall x,y \in B^-_{\epsilon} \end{cases}$
Then he concludes that for points inside the circle the integrand is positive.
$\alpha$ is positive by assumption.
However, $h$ is not positive inside since $\paren {x - x_0}^2 + \paren {y - y_0}^2 < \epsilon^2$.
The result is negative, and stays negative after being raised to the $3$rd power.
Sources
- 1963: I.M. Gelfand and S.V. Fomin: Calculus of Variations ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 1.5$: The Case of Several Variables