Primitive of Cube of Hyperbolic Cotangent of a x
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Theorem
- $\ds \int \coth^3 a x \rd x = \frac {\ln \size {\sinh a x} } a - \frac {\coth^2 a x} {2 a} + C$
Proof 1
\(\ds \int \coth^3 a x \rd x\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \coth a x \coth^2 a x \rd x\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \coth a x \paren {1 + \csch^2 a x} \rd x\) | Difference of Squares of Hyperbolic Cotangent and Cosecant | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \int \coth a x \rd x + \int \coth a x \csch^2 a x \rd x\) | Linear Combination of Primitives | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\ln \size {\sinh a x} } a + \int \coth a x \csch^2 a x \rd x\) | Primitive of $\tanh a x$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\ln \size {\sinh a x} } a - \frac {\coth^2 a x} {2 a} + C\) | Primitive of $\coth^n a x \csch^2 a x$: $n = 1$ |
$\blacksquare$
Proof 2
\(\ds \int \coth^3 a x \rd x\) | \(=\) | \(\ds -\frac {\coth^2 a x} {2 a} + \int \coth a x \rd x\) | Primitive of Power of $\coth^n a x$ with $n = 3$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \) | \(=\) | \(\ds \frac {\ln \size {\sinh a x} } a - \frac {\coth^2 a x} {2 a} + C\) | Primitive of $\coth a x$ |
$\blacksquare$
Also see
Sources
- 1968: Murray R. Spiegel: Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables ... (previous) ... (next): $\S 14$: Integrals involving $\coth a x$: $14.617$