Equivalence of Definitions of Baire Space
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Definition
Let $T = \struct {S, \tau}$ be a topological space.
The following definitions of the concept of Baire Space in the context of Topology are equivalent:
$T$ is a Baire space if and only if:
- $(1): \quad$ The intersection of any countable set of open sets of $T$ which are everywhere dense is everywhere dense.
- $(2): \quad$ The interior of the union of any countable set of closed sets of $T$ which are nowhere dense is empty.
- $(3): \quad$ Whenever the union of any countable set of closed sets of $T$ has an interior point, then one of those closed sets must have an interior point.
- $(4): \quad$ The union of any countable set of closed sets of $T$ whose interiors are empty also has an interior which is empty.
Proof
First, let:
- $H^\circ$ denote the interior of any $H \subseteq S$
- $H^-$ denote the closure of any $H \subseteq S$.
$(2) \iff (4)$
We have that a Closed Set Equals its Closure.
By definition, a subset $H$ is nowhere dense if and only if the interior of its closure is empty.
Hence we see that $(2)$ and $(4)$ are saying the same thing using different words.
$\Box$
$(4) \iff (3)$
$(4) \implies (3)$
Let $T$ be a topological space such that:
- The union of any countable set of closed sets of $T$ whose interiors are empty also has an empty interior.
That is, let $(4)$ hold.
Let $\UU$ be a countable set of closed sets of $T$.
Let $\ds \bigcup \UU$ be their union.
Suppose $\exists U \in \UU$ such that $\ds \exists x \in \paren {\bigcup \UU}^\circ$.
That is, let $x$ be an interior point of $\ds \bigcup \UU$.
Then by hypothesis and the Rule of Transposition $\exists U \in \UU: x \in U^\circ$.
That is, $x$ is an interior point of $U$.
That is, $(3)$ holds.
$\Box$
$(3) \implies (4)$
Let $T$ be a topological space such that:
- Whenever the union of any countable set of closed sets of $T$ has an interior point, then one of those closed sets must have an interior point.
That is, let $(3)$ hold.
Let $\UU$ a countable set of closed sets of $T$.
Suppose that $\forall U \in \UU: U^\circ = \O$.
Then by hypothesis and the Rule of Transposition $\not \exists x \in \ds \bigcup \UU$.
That is, $\ds \bigcup \UU = \O$.
That is, $(4)$ holds.
$\Box$
$(4) \iff (1)$
$(4) \implies (1)$
Let $T$ be a topological space such that:
- The union of any countable set of closed sets of $T$ whose interiors are empty also has an empty interior.
That is, let $(4)$ hold.
Let $\UU$ be a countable set of open sets of $T$ such that:
- $\forall U \in \UU: U^- = S$
That is, all of $U$ are everywhere dense.
We have that:
\(\ds U^-\) | \(=\) | \(\ds S\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds S \setminus U^-\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \O\) | Relative Complement with Self is Empty Set | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {S \setminus U}^\circ\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \O\) | Complement of Interior equals Closure of Complement |
That is, by definition, $S \setminus U$ is nowhere dense.
By definition of closed set we have that $S \setminus U$ is closed.
Now consider $\ds \bigcup_{U \mathop \in \UU} \paren {S \setminus U}$.
We have that:
\(\ds \paren {\bigcup_{U \mathop \in \UU} \paren {S \setminus U} }^\circ\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \O\) | as $T$ satisfies condition $(4)$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {S \setminus \bigcap \UU}^\circ\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \O\) | De Morgan's Laws: Difference with Intersection | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds S \setminus \paren {\paren {\bigcap \UU}^-}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \O\) | Complement of Interior equals Closure of Complement | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {\bigcap \UU}^-\) | \(=\) | \(\ds S\) | Relative Complement of Empty Set |
That is, by definition, $\bigcap \UU$ is everywhere dense.
That is, $(1)$ holds.
$\Box$
$(1) \implies (4)$
Let $T$ be a topological space such that:
- The intersection of any countable set of open sets of $T$ which are everywhere dense is everywhere dense.
That is, let $(1)$ hold.
Let $\VV$ be a countable set of closed sets of $T$ such that:
- $\forall V \in \VV: V^\circ = \O$
Then:
\(\ds V^\circ\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \O\) | ||||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds S \setminus V^\circ\) | \(=\) | \(\ds S\) | Relative Complement of Empty Set | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {S \setminus V}^-\) | \(=\) | \(\ds S\) | Complement of Interior equals Closure of Complement |
That is, by definition, $S \setminus V$ is an open set of $T$ which is everywhere dense.
Now consider $\ds \bigcap_{V \mathop \in \VV} \paren {S \setminus V}$.
We have that:
\(\ds \paren {\bigcap_{V \mathop \in \VV} \paren {S \setminus V} }^-\) | \(=\) | \(\ds S\) | as $T$ satisfies condition $(1)$ | |||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {S \setminus \bigcup \VV}^-\) | \(=\) | \(\ds S\) | De Morgan's Laws: Difference with Union | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds S \setminus \paren {\paren {\bigcup \VV}^\circ}\) | \(=\) | \(\ds S\) | Complement of Interior equals Closure of Complement | ||||||||||
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) | \(\ds \paren {\bigcup \VV}^\circ\) | \(=\) | \(\ds \O\) | Relative Complement with Self is Empty Set |
That is, $(4)$ holds.
$\Box$
All conditions have been shown to be equivalent.
$\blacksquare$