Smallest 10 Primes in Arithmetic Sequence
Theorem
The smallest $10$ primes in arithmetic sequence are:
- $199 + 210 n$
for $n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9$.
These are also the smallest $8$ and $9$ primes in arithmetic sequence.
Proof
\(\ds 199 + 0 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 199\) | which is the $46$th prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 1 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 409\) | which is the $80$th prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 2 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 619\) | which is the $114$th prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 3 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 829\) | which is the $145$th prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 4 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1039\) | which is the $175$th prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 5 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1249\) | which is the $204$th prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 6 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1459\) | which is the $232$nd prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 7 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1669\) | which is the $263$rd prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 8 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 1879\) | which is the $289$th prime | |||||||||||
\(\ds 199 + 9 \times 210\) | \(=\) | \(\ds 2089\) | which is the $316$th prime |
This sequence is A033168 in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (N. J. A. Sloane (Ed.), 2008).
But note that $199 + 10 \times 210 = 2299 = 11^2 \times 19$ and so is not prime.
Now we show that this is the smallest $10$ primes in arithmetic sequence.
By Divisibility of Common Difference of Arithmetic Sequence of Primes, the common difference $d$ of any $10$ primes in arithmetic sequence must be divisible by all primes less that $10$.
That is, the common difference is a multiple of $2 \times 3 \times 5 \times 7 = 210$.
Suppose $d = 210$.
Then the first term $p_1$ of the arithmetic sequence cannot be $11$, as $11 + 210 = 221 = 13 \times 17$.
Note that $210 \equiv 1 \pmod {11}$.
Hence if the $p_1$ gives a remainder $r > 1$ upon divison by $11$, the $\paren {12 - r}^{th}$ term of the sequence is equivalent to:
- $r + \paren {12 - r - 1} \times 210 \equiv 0 \pmod {11}$
and is divisible by $11$, which is impossible as all terms are primes.
Therefore $p_1 \equiv 1 \pmod {11}$.
The first few primes of this form are:
- $23, 67, 89, 199, \dots$
and we eliminate the first three candidates because:
- $23 + 5 \times 210 = 1073 = 29 \times 37$
- $67 + 3 \times 210 = 697 = 17 \times 41$
- $89 + 1 \times 210 = 229 = 13 \times 23$
which are not primes, and we have checked that $199 + 210 n$ are indeed $10$ primes in arithmetic sequence.
Now suppose $d > 210$.
Then $d \ge 420$ and the last term is greater than $420 \times 9 = 3780$.
This shows that the one we found here is the smallest $10$ primes in arithmetic sequence.
$\Box$
Smallest $9$ primes in arithmetic sequence
Most of the analysis above applies, but we need to also consider $p_1 \equiv 2 \pmod {11}$.
This gives the first few primes:
- $13, 79, 101, 167, 211, \dots$
and we have:
- $13 + 6 \times 210 = 1273 = 19 \times 67$
- $79 + 1 \times 210 = 289 = 17^2$
- $101 + 3 \times 210 = 731 = 17 \times 43$
- $167 + 1 \times 210 = 377 = 13 \times 29$
- $221 > 199$
so there are no smaller $9$ primes in arithmetic sequence.
$\Box$
Smallest $8$ primes in arithmetic sequence
Most of the analysis above applies, but we need to also consider $p_1 \equiv 3 \pmod {11}$.
This gives the first few primes:
- $3, 47, 113, 157, 179, 223, \dots$
and we have:
- $3 + 1 \times 210 = 213 = 3 \times 71$
- $47 + 7 \times 210 = 1517 = 37 \times 41$
- $113 + 1 \times 210 = 323 = 17 * 19$
- $157 + 5 \times 210 = 1207 = 17 * 71$
- $179 + 7 \times 210 = 1649 = 17 * 97$
- $223 > 199$
so there are no smaller $8$ primes in arithmetic sequence.
$\blacksquare$
Sources
- 1970: Wacław Sierpiński: 250 Problems in Elementary Number Theory: No. $72$
- 1986: David Wells: Curious and Interesting Numbers ... (previous) ... (next): $199$
- 1997: David Wells: Curious and Interesting Numbers (2nd ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): $199$