Mathematician:Mathematicians/Sorted By Birth/1601 - 1700 CE
For more comprehensive information on the lives and works of mathematicians through the ages, see the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, created by John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson.
- The army of those who have made at least one definite contribution to mathematics as we know it soon becomes a mob as we look back over history; 6,000 or 8,000 names press forward for some word from us to preserve them from oblivion, and once the bolder leaders have been recognised it becomes largely a matter of arbitrary, illogical legislation to judge who of the clamouring multitude shall be permitted to survive and who be condemned to be forgotten.
- -- Eric Temple Bell: Men of Mathematics, 1937, Victor Gollancz, London
$\text {1601}$ – $\text {1610}$
1602
John Greaves $($$\text {1602}$ – $\text {1652}$$)$
English mathematician, astronomer and antiquarian.
Collected astrolabes and astronomical measuring devices (now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford).
Studied weights and measures, and wrote a treatise on the Roman foot and denarius, and was a keen numismatist.
In $1645$ he attempted a reform of the Julian calendar which was not adopted.
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August
Gilles Personne de Roberval $($$\text {1602}$ – $\text {1675}$$)$
French mathematician whose work was a precursor to calculus.
Worked on the quadrature of surfaces and the cubature of solids.
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1603
Pierre de Carcavi $($$\text {c. 1603}$ – $\text {1684}$$)$
French mathematician who was also a secretary of the National Library of France under Louis XIV.
Noted for his correspondence with Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens, Galileo Galilei, Marin Mersenne, Evangelista Torricelli and René Descartes.
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1604
Bernard Frénicle de Bessy $($$\text {c. 1604}$ – $\text {1674}$$)$
French mathematician who wrote numerous mathematical papers, mainly in number theory and combinatorics.
Described all $880$ essentially different normal magic squares of order $4$.
Invented the Frénicle standard form, a standard representation of magic squares
Solved many problems created by Pierre de Fermat.
Discovered the cube property of the number $1729$ (Ramanujan number), later referred to as a taxicab number.
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1607
Antoine Gombaud $($$\text {1607}$ – $\text {1684}$$)$
French gambler, writer, philosopher and amateur mathematician best known for his work in probability theory.
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1608
October
Evangelista Torricelli $($$\text {1608}$ – $\text {1647}$$)$
Italian physicist and mathematician, best known for inventing the barometer.
Disciple of Galileo.
Gave his name to Torricelli's Law.
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1610
Henry Lucas $($$\text {c. 1610}$ – $\text {1663}$$)$
English clergyman and politician whose name lives on in mathematics through the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics.
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$\text {1611}$ – $\text {1620}$
1611
March
John Pell $($$\text {1611}$ – $\text {1685}$$)$
English mathematician, astronomer and foreign diplomat most famous for what is now known as Pell's Equation.
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1612
February
Antoine Arnauld $($$\text {1612}$ – $\text {1694}$$)$
French Roman Catholic theologian, philosopher and mathematician.
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June
Andrea Tacquet $($$\text {1612}$ – $\text {1660}$$)$
Flemish Jesuit who wrote some popular teaching works.
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1613
September
Claude Perrault $($$\text {1613}$ – $\text {1688}$$)$
French architect, best known for his participation in the design of the east façade of the Louvre in Paris.
Also achieved success as a physician and anatomist, and as an author.
Wrote treatises on physics and natural history.
The first to investigate the tractrix, which he did in $1670$.
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1614
John Wilkins $($$\text {1614}$ – $\text {72}$$)$
English Anglican clergyman, natural philosopher and author.
One of the founders of the Royal Society.
Demonstrated the use of mathematics in the design of machines.
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1615
May
Frans van Schooten $($$\text {1615}$ – $\text {1660}$$)$
Dutch mathematician who is most known for popularizing the analytic geometry of René Descartes.
His $1659$ and $1661$ edition of his commentary on La Géométrie by René Descartes was highly influential, and used by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.
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1616
November
John Wallis $($$\text {1616}$ – $\text {1703}$$)$
English mathematician who made considerable contributions towards the invention of the calculus.
Credited with introducing the symbol $\infty$ for infinity.
One of the first English mathematicians to use the techniques of analytic geometry as defined by Descartes.
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1617
March
Tito Livio Burattini $($$\text {1617}$ – $\text {1681}$$)$
Italian inventor, architect, Egyptologist, scientist, instrument-maker, traveller, engineer, and nobleman.
Developed an early system of measurement based on time, similar to today's International System of Units.
Invented the the metro cattolico (that is "catholic [i.e. universal] metre"), a unit of length equivalent to the length of a pendulum whose period is $1$ second.
Probably the first to recommend the name metre for a unit of length.
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1618
May
Urbano d'Aviso $($$\text {1618}$ – $\text {1685}$$)$
Italian student of Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri best known for Trefoil Knot in Paper forms Pentagon.
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December
Elisabeth of the Palatinate $($$\text {1618}$ – $\text {1680}$$)$
Princess of the Electorate of the Palatinate who studied (among other things) mathematics and philosophy with René Descartes.
Her correspondence with Descartes survives as a record of the nature of philosophical and religious debates in that period.
Renowned for her intelligence and humanism.
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1619
December
Prince Rupert of the Rhine $($$\text {1619}$ – $\text {1682}$$)$
Prince of the lines of both the Electorate of the Palatinate and the House of Stuart, who later in life turned to science and mathematics.
Known for posing the question which is now known as Prince Rupert's Cube.
Renowned for his military flair, but also notorious for his heavy-handed treatment of defeated enemies.
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1620
Nicholas Mercator $($$\text {c. 1620}$ – $\text {1687}$$)$
German mathematician who designed a marine chronometer for Charles $\text {II}$ of England, and designed and constructed the fountains at the Palace of Versailles.
Known for the Newton-Mercator Series.
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William Brouncker $($$\text {c. 1620}$ – $\text {1684}$$)$
English mathematician best known for Brouncker's Formula, an expansion for pi in the form of a generalized continued fraction.
Popularly believed to have been the first European to provide the solution to what is known as Pell's Equation, but the supposition that its name was a misattribution by Euler is disputed.
Published on the arc length of the parabola and the cycloid.
Improved on William Neile's computation of the arc length of the semicubical parabola $a y^2 = x^3$.
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April
John Graunt $($$\text {1620}$ – $\text {1674}$$)$
English merchant whose influence on mathematics consists of the first statistical analysis of life expectancy, population estimation and the ratio between the sexes.
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$\text {1621}$ – $\text {1630}$
1622
March
Johann Heinrich Rahn $($$\text {1622}$ – $\text {1676}$$)$
Swiss mathematician credited with the first use of the division symbol $\div$, also known as the obelus, and the therefore sign $\therefore$.
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April
Vincenzo Viviani $($$\text {1622}$ – $\text {1703}$$)$
Italian mathematician and scientist.
Pupil of Evangelista Torricelli and a disciple of Galileo.
Succeeded in determining the tangent to the cycloid.
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1623
June
Blaise Pascal $($$\text {1623}$ – $\text {1662}$$)$
French mathematician and philosopher who explored probability theory and projective geometry.
Most famous for the construction now commonly known as Pascal's Triangle.
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1625
March
John Collins $($$\text {1625}$ – $\text {1683}$$)$
English mathematician whose principal influence consisted of a copious correspondence with the other leading minds of his day.
Mainly worked as a teacher and an accountant, and authored some books.
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June
Giovanni Domenico Cassini $($$\text {1625}$ – $\text {1712}$$)$
Italian/French mathematician, astronomer, engineer, and astrologer.
Most of his important discoveries were in the field of astronomy.
Not to be confused with his son, also called Jean-Dominique Cassini.
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September
Jan de Witt $($$\text {1625}$ – $\text {1672}$$)$
Dutch mathematician and statesman who wrote on geometry and finance.
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1626
Pietro Mengoli $($$\text {1626}$ – $\text {1686}$$)$
Italian mathematician who spent most of his working life as a professor at the University of Bologna.
Also ordained into the Priesthood.
Occupies the philosophical transitional ground between the work of Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri and that of Isaac Newton and Gottfried von Leibniz.
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1627
August
Joseph Moxon $($$\text {1627}$ – $\text {1691}$$)$
English printer specialising in mathematical books and maps, a maker of globes and mathematical instruments, and mathematical lexicographer.
Produced the first English language dictionary devoted to mathematics, and the first detailed instructional manual for printers.
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1628
April
Johannes van Waveren Hudde $($$\text {1628}$ – $\text {1704}$$)$
Dutch mathematician, who was also at one time the mayor of Amsterdam and governor of the Dutch East India Company.
Organised the regulation of the waterways of Amsterdam, in the process making major steps towards improvements in sanitation.
Collaborated on a translation into Latin of La Géométrie by René Descartes.
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1629
April
Christiaan Huygens $($$\text {1629}$ – $\text {1695}$$)$
Dutch mathematician, astronomer, physicist and horologist.
Studied the rings of Saturn and discovered its moon Titan.
Invented the pendulum clock.
Believed that light travels in waves, hence the Huygens-Fresnel Principle.
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1630
October
Isaac Barrow $($$\text {1630}$ – $\text {1677}$$)$
English Christian theologian and mathematician who had a hand in the development of calculus.
Often cited as being the discoverer of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Concentrated on the properties of the tangent.
The first to calculate the tangents of the kappa curve.
Famously stood down from his position as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in favour of Isaac Newton.
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$\text {1631}$ – $\text {1640}$
1631
Edward Cocker $($$\text {1631}$ – $\text {1676}$$)$
English engraver, who also taught writing and arithmetic.
Supposedly the author of the famous and highly popular Arithmetick, although it is disputed as to whether he actually was the author.
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1632
October
Christopher Michael Wren $($$\text {1632}$ – $\text {1723}$$)$
English mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geometer and physicist, as well as being Britain's most famous architect.
One of the founders of the Royal Society, and was its president from $1680$ to $1682$.
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1634
May
Clément-Samuel Fermat $($$\text {1634}$ – $\text {1697}$$)$
The son of Pierre de Fermat.
Published a new edition in $1670$ of Bachet's translation of the Arithmetica of Diophantus.
This version included Pierre de Fermat's famous marginal notes
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1635
July
Robert Hooke $($$\text {1635}$ – $\text {1703}$$)$
English scientist who worked in many fields and investigated a great deal of stuff.
In the field of applied mathematics he is best known for Hooke's Law.
Made the essental suggestion to Isaac Newton that planetary orbits have two components: towards the central body, and tangential to the orbit.
Invented the conical pendulum.
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1637
May
Jacob Marcelis $($$\text {1637}$ – $\text {?}$$)$
Dutch soap merchant and amateur mathematician who gave an approximation to $\pi$ (pi): $3 + \dfrac {1 \, 008 \, 449 \, 087 \, 377 \, 541 \, 679 \, 894 \, 282 \, 184 \, 894} {6 \, 997 \, 183 \, 637 \, 540 \, 819 \, 440 \, 035 \, 239 \, 271 \, 702}$ which he mistakenly claimed was exact.
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December
William Neile $($$\text {1637}$ – $\text {1670}$$)$
English mathematician whose most important work was on the rectification of the semicubical parabola, which was an important stage in the development of calculus.
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1638
November
James Gregory $($$\text {1638}$ – $\text {1675}$$)$
Scottish mathematician and astronomer best known for designing the Gregorian telescope.
Made advances in trigonometry, discovering infinite series representations for several trigonometric functions.
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1640
April
Georg Mohr $($$\text {1640}$ – $\text {1697}$$)$
Danish mathematician and geometer now famous for proving in $1672$ that any geometrical construction that can be made with compasses and straightedge can also be achieved by using only compasses. This result was overlooked at the time. Lorenzo Mascheroni made the same discovery in $1797$. However, it was only in $1928$ that Mohr's priority came to light.
Other books of his are rumoured but none have come to direct light.
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June
Bernard Lamy $($$\text {1640}$ – $\text {1715}$$)$
French Oratorian, mathematician and theologian best known for formulating the Parallelogram of Force.
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Jacques Ozanam $($$\text {1640}$ – $\text {1718}$$)$
French mathematician renowned for the books he wrote, and for his philanthropy.
Published a set of trigonometric and logarithmic tables more accurate than any of the existing ones.
Identified three pairs of triangular numbers whose sum and difference are also triangular.
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$\text {1641}$ – $\text {1650}$
1642
December
Isaac Newton $($$\text {1642}$ – $\text {1727}$$)$
Hugely influential English all-rounder famous for:
- Inventing calculus, independently of Leibniz
- Successfully providing a mathematical model for the force of gravity
- Formulating the Principle of Conservation of Momentum and Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Building the first practical optical reflecting telescope
- Developing a theory of colour based on the splitting of light with a prism
and much more.
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1646
July
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz $($$\text {1646}$ – $\text {1716}$$)$
German mathematician and philosopher who is best known for being the co-inventor (independently of Isaac Newton) of calculus.
Took some of the first philosophical steps towards a system of symbolic logic, but his works failed to have much influence on the development of logic, and these ideas were not developed to any significant extent.
Invented the system of binary notation.
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1647
August
Denis Papin $($$\text {1647}$ – $\text {1713}$$)$
French physicist, mathematician and inventor, best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester, the forerunner of the pressure cooker and of the steam engine.
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December
Giovanni Benedetto Ceva $($$\text {1647}$ – $\text {1734}$$)$
Italian mathematician best known for Ceva's Theorem, a result in geometry.
Also rediscovered and published Menelaus's Theorem.
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$\text {1651}$ – $\text {1660}$
1651
April
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus $($$\text {1651}$ – $\text {1708}$$)$
German mathematician more famous for inventing a brand of porcelain.
Worked on techniques in algebra, and also investigated catacaustic curves.
Published what he thought was a solution to the quintic equation in $1683$, but Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz pointed out that it was fallacious.
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1652
April
Michel Rolle $($$\text {1652}$ – $\text {1719}$$)$
French mathematician best known for Rolle's Theorem.
Also noted for popularising the $n$th root sign.
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1654
Pierre Varignon $($$\text {1654}$ – $\text {1722}$$)$
French mathematician whose principal contributions were to graphic statics and mechanics.
Friend of Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, and the Bernoulli family.
One of the earliest and strongest French advocates of infinitesimal calculus.
Exposed the errors in Michel Rolle's critique thereof.
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December
Jacob Bernoulli $($$\text {1654}$ – $\text {1705}$$)$
Swiss mathematician best known for his work on probability theory, analytic geometry and development of the calculus.
Also developed the field of calculus of variations.
Developed the technique of separation of variables, and in $1696$ solved what is now known as Bernoulli's (Differential) Equation.
Invented polar coordinates.
Elder brother of Johann Bernoulli, with whom he famously quarrelled.
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1656
November
Edmund Halley $($$\text {1656}$ – $\text {1742}$$)$
English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist best known for computing the orbit of Halley's Comet.
He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain, succeeding John Flamsteed.
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1659
June
David Gregory $($$\text {1659}$ – $\text {1708}$$)$
Scottish mathematician and astronomer.
Professor of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, Savilian Professor of Astronomy at the University of Oxford.
Commentator on Isaac Newton's Principia.
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$\text {1661}$ – $\text {1670}$
1661
Guillaume de l'Hôpital $($$\text {1661}$ – $\text {1704}$$)$
French mathematician best known for L'Hôpital's Rule, although this was in fact discovered by Johann Bernoulli.
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1662
Nicolaus Bernoulli $($$\text {1662}$ – $\text {1716}$$)$
Brother of Jacob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli, and father of Nicolaus I Bernoulli.
It is unclear exactly what, if anything, Nicolaus Bernoulli contributed to mathematics.
The accepted report is that he was a painter, and an alderman of Basel.
However, some sources, notably 1937: Eric Temple Bell: Men of Mathematics, appear to conflate him with Nicolaus II Bernoulli.
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1667
May
Abraham de Moivre $($$\text {1667}$ – $\text {1754}$$)$
French mathematician best known for De Moivre's Formula.
Also noted for his work on the normal distribution and probability theory.
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July
Johann Bernoulli $($$\text {1667}$ – $\text {1748}$$)$
Swiss mathematician best known for his work on development of the calculus.
Taught Guillaume de l'Hôpital, who then went ahead and published his lecture notes without crediting him.
Pioneered the technique of Integration by Parts.
Younger brother of Jacob Bernoulli, with whom he did not always see eye to eye.
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September
Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri $($$\text {1667}$ – $\text {1733}$$)$
Italian Jesuit priest, scholastic philosopher, and mathematician.
Attempted (but failed) to prove Euclid's fifth postulate by means of Reductio ad Absurdum, and in the process narrowly missed discovering a non-Euclidean geometry.
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December
William Whiston $($$\text {1667}$ – $\text {1752}$$)$
English theologian, historian, and mathematician, a leading figure in the popularisation of the ideas of Isaac Newton.
Best known for helping to instigate the Longitude Act in $1714$.
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1668
Joseph Raphson $($$\text {1668}$ – $\text {1712}$$)$
English mathematician best known for the Newton-Raphson method for approximating the zeroes of a function.
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$\text {1671}$ – $\text {1680}$
1671
October
Luigi Guido Grandi $($$\text {1671}$ – $\text {1742}$$)$
Italian mathematician, engineer, priest and philosopher, best known for his study of the rhodonea (rose) curve.
Contributed to Note on the Treatise of Galileo Concerning Natural Motion in the first Florentine edition of Galileo Galilei's works.
Helped introduce Gottfried Leibniz's ideas on calculus to Italy.
Also known for Grandi's series.
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1675
William Jones $($$\text {1675}$ – $\text {1749}$$)$
Welsh mathematician who has recently come to notice for being the first to use the symbol $\pi$ (pi) in print to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
Close friend of Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley.
On his death, left behind him a library of about $15 \, 000$ books, which was probably the most valuable library of mathematics in England. This has only recently been fully dispersed.
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1676
May
Jacopo Francesco Riccati $($$\text {1676}$ – $\text {1754}$$)$
Count Jacopo Francesco Riccati was an aristocratic Italian mathematician and jurist from Venice.
Chiefly responsible for introducing Isaac Newton's ideas to Italy.
Best known for having founded the equation which bears his name.
Contributed towards Maria Gaëtana Agnesi's 1748 work Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana.
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1678
October
Pierre Raymond de Montmort $($$\text {1678}$ – $\text {1719}$$)$
French mathematician who worked in probability theory.
The first to introduce the combinatorial study of derangements.
Also known for naming Pascal's triangle after Blaise Pascal, calling it Table de M. Pascal pour les combinaisons.
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$\text {1681}$ – $\text {1690}$
1682
April
John Hadley $($$\text {1682}$ – $\text {1744}$$)$
English mathematician who invented the sextant, independently of Thomas Godfrey.
Constructed the first practical working reflecting telescope.
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July
Roger Cotes $($$\text {1682}$ – $\text {1716}$$)$
English mathematician, who worked closely with Isaac Newton by proofreading the second edition of Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica before publication.
Invented the quadrature formulas known as Newton-Cotes Formulas.
First introduced in $1714$ what is known today as Euler's Formula, in the form $\map \ln {\cos \theta + i \sin \theta} = i \theta$.
Introduced the concept of the radian.
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1685
March
George Berkeley $($$\text {1685}$ – $\text {1753}$$)$
Also known under the name Bishop Berkeley.
Anglo-Irish mathematician and philosopher best known nowadays for his critique of the philosophical underpinnings of calculus as it had been developed by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz and Isaac Newton.
Incisive intellectual, noted humanitarian, and, by all accounts, all-round good guy.
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August
Brook Taylor $($$\text {1685}$ – $\text {1731}$$)$
English mathematician noted for Taylor's Theorem, but he was not the only one to have been exploring it.
Also made progress in the mathematics of perspective and the foundations of projective geometry.
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1686
John Machin $($$\text {c. 1686}$ – $\text {1751}$$)$
English professor of astronomy, best known for developing a quickly converging series for $\pi$ (pi) in $1706$ and using it to compute $\pi$ to $100$ decimal places.
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May
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit $($$\text {1686}$ – $\text {1736}$$)$
Dutch-German-Polish physicist, engineer, and glass blower.
Best known for inventing the mercury-in-glass thermometer.
Developed the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
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1687
October
Robert Simson $($$\text {1687}$ – $\text {1768}$$)$
Scots mathematician notable for having produced a translation of Euclid's The Elements which was long used as the standard text.
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Nicolaus I Bernoulli $($$\text {1687}$ – $\text {1759}$$)$
Swiss mathematician who worked on probability theory, geometry and differential equations.
Most of his important work can be found in his correspondence, particularly with Pierre Raymond de Montmort, in which he introduced the St. Petersburg Paradox.
He also corresponded with Leonhard Paul Euler and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.
Son of Nicolaus Bernoulli and so nephew of Jacob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli.
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1688
February
Emanuel Swedenborg $($$\text {1688}$ – $\text {1772}$$)$
Swedish pluralistic-Christian theologian, scientist, philosopher and mystic.
He became best known for his book on the afterlife, Heaven and Hell.
Advocate of the use of octal notation.
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1690
March
Christian Goldbach $($$\text {1690}$ – $\text {1764}$$)$
Prussian amateur mathematician who also studied law and medicine.
Best known for posing the Goldbach Conjecture, which also appears as Goldbach's Marginal Conjecture, and a similar weaker conjecture known as Goldbach's Weak Conjecture.
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$\text {1691}$ – $\text {1700}$
1692
May
James Stirling $($$\text {1692}$ – $\text {1770}$$)$
Scottish mathematician best known for Stirling's Formula.
One of the first to study what is now known as the Gamma function.
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1695
February
Nicolaus II Bernoulli $($$\text {1695}$ – $\text {1726}$$)$
Swiss mathematician who worked mostly on curves, differential equations and probability theory.
He also contributed to hydrodynamics.
Studied as a lawyer, and became involved in the priority dispute between Newton and Leibniz, and also the one between Johann Bernoulli and Brook Taylor.
Posed the problem of reciprocal orthogonal trajectories in $1720$.
Son of Johann Bernoulli and the elder brother of Daniel Bernoulli and Johann II Bernoulli.
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1698
February
Colin Maclaurin $($$\text {1698}$ – $\text {1746}$$)$
Held the record for almost 300 years as the youngest professor in history.
Worked extensively on elliptic functions.
Best known nowadays for Maclaurin Series.
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Pierre Bouguer $($$\text {1698}$ – $\text {1758}$$)$
French mathematician, geophysicist, geodesist and astronomer.
The first known discoverer of what is now generally known as the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer Law.
Measured the acceleration of free-fall using a pendulum.
Was the first to notice that the period of a pendulum could be affected by the gravitational force exerted by a high mountain.
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September
Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis $($$\text {1698}$ – $\text {1759}$$)$
French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters.
Credited with having invented the principle of least action.
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1700
February
Daniel Bernoulli $($$\text {1700}$ – $\text {1782}$$)$
Dutch / Swiss mathematician who worked mostly on hydrodynamics, probability theory and statistics.
Considered by many to be the first mathematical physicist.
Son of Johann Bernoulli and the brother of Nicolaus II Bernoulli and Johann II Bernoulli.
Famously suffered from the jealousy and bad temper of his father Johann Bernoulli who, among other unpleasantnesses, tried to steal his Hydrodynamica and pass it off as his own, naming it Hydraulica.
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